Pod taxi journey(2016) in noida 

If everything goes well then will travel in a taxi in town pod from 2016. Posh Market Sector-18, between Jiaipi Botanical Gardens Mall and is planning to launch pod taxi. This project report details the company's responsibility to make Deps. In the first phase it will conduct a four-kilometer area. In the future it will run in 20-kilometer radius. It will include all the city's establishment. Plans to build 22 stations. This will reduce the pressure of traffic in the city. Elevated pod taxi operations (like subway will).

This plan is a multinational company based in the UK Ultra - Feyrvud Noida Authority on Friday gave a presentation at the office. London's Heathrow airport taxi company that operates on the iPod. Noida Authority officials liked the plan. The meeting decided that the next 22 months to build the track started to taxi operations.

The computer must be powered taxi

UK based company said in its presentation via the elevated track will be relocated from one location to pod cars. The plan Personal Rapid Transport (PRT) system can also be called. London to Amritsar in India The company is also planning to launch. Pod taxi will operate both the battery and power. There will be no driver. It would conduct computerized. It will seat four to six people.

Traffic will get rid of stress and pollution

Sector-18 Market and the surrounding area has the most traffic pressure. It also increases the amount of air pollution. The taxi operates the iPod from the traffic will avoid contamination with pressure.

It will also feature

There have someone sitting in the cab are two persons killed in the control room will be informed immediately, which will taxi directly to the nearest police station. If someone is sick will then taxi straight to the hospital.

Overview

- Costs Rs 65 crore per km

- The first phase of the Botanical Gardens in Sector-18 Market

- 120 Taxi plans to run.

- Automatic operation methods will

- Metro station straight out of the pod will be riding in the car

- A place in the city will be able to place the city's main car park.

- Just Mukabl will take less than 60 percent.

- Plans to build a total of 22 stations.

- City Center, various hospitals and others plan to add other important places.

Authorization, the company will and participation Mall

Siio VK Panwar said that 49 percent of the authorization taxi will cost to run.

51 percent of the company will contribute to the city's malls and operations. 

The two - three days in the mall 

operators will be meeting with officials of the Authority.

Great Wall of China

The Great Wall, one of the greatest wonders of the world, was listed as a World Heritage by UNESCO in 1987. Just like a gigantic dragon, the Great Wall winds up and down across deserts, grasslands, mountains and plateaus, stretching approximately 8,851.8 kilometers (5,500 miles) from east to west of China. With a history of more than 2000 years, some of the sections are now in ruins or have disappeared. However, it is still one of the most appealing attractions all around the world owing to its architectural grandeur and historical significance.

Great Wall Facts

Name: 长城/万里长城
Chinese Pinyin: Cháng Chéng/Wàn Lǐ Cháng Chéng
Length: 8,851.8 km (5,500 miles)
Construction Period: About 2,000 years from the Warring States Period (476 BC - 221 BC) to Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)

History

Excitement abounds regarding the vicissitude of the Wall of the Qin, Han, and Ming Dynasties.
The Great Wall was originally built in the Spring and Autumn, and Warring States Periods as a defensive fortification by the three states: Yan, Zhao and Qin. It went through constant extensions and repairs in later dynasties. It began as independent walls for different states when it was first built, and did not become the "Great" wall until the Qin Dynasty. Emperor Qin Shihuang succeeded in his effort to have the walls joined together to fend off the invasions from the Huns in the north. Since then, the Wall has served as a monument of the Chinese nation throughout history.

 Construction

The mystery of the construction of the wall is amazing. The construction, which drew heavily on the local resources for construction materials, was carried out in-line with the local conditions under the management of contract and responsibility system. A great army of manpower, composed of soldiers, prisoners and local people, built the wall. The construction result demonstrates the wisdom and tenacity of the Chinese people.

 Culture

Great Wall carries a considerable part of Chinese culture. It has long been incorporated into Chinese mythology and symbolism. The most well-known legend is about the collapse of a section of the Wall caused by Meng Jiangnu, who cried bitterly over the death of her husband after he died while building the wall. This legend has been spread widely through textbooks, folk songs and traditional operas.

 Protection

Following a 45-day long survey of 101 sections of the Wall in different provinces, the China Great Wall Academy reported on December 12, 2002 that the forces of nature and destruction by mankind are bringing about gradual reduction of extent of the Wall with the result that less than 30% remains in good condition. The Academy has called for greater protection of this important relic.

Respect every Religion....

India’s Lodha World One To Be World’s Tallest Residential Tower

Lodha’s World One will bring India’s name in the list of some of the world re-known engineering projects as it will be the tallest residential tower in the world.

Project Details and Costing
Location- Upper Worli, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

Site Area – 17.5 acre

Land Acquired from Srinivas Cotton Mills By Lodha Group for Rs 250 crore (US$40 million)

Project Cost – Rs 20 billion (US$320 million)

Expected Revenue from Sales – Rs 50 billion (US$800 million)

Architect 
Pei Cobb Freed & Partners are the architects for World One. This company has more than 200 awards for design excellence which include 24 AIA National Honor Awards.

Structural Engineer
Leslie E. Robertson Associates (LERA) are the ones doing structure designs for this project. They have vast experience in designing tall buildings as their earlier projects included the Shanghai World Financial Center, Bitexco Financial Tower, World Trade Center in New York.

Types of Flats in World One

1) World residences – These are the ones starting from level 1 to level 43 with three and four bedroom houses along with curved glass living room and wide sundecks along each room.

2) World Villas – These lavish four-bedroom flats will be from level 43 to 117 and are designed in such a way that they offer 270 degree view of the city. Other amenities include home theatre, an outdoor Jacuzzi, a private pool and wide sundecks in every room.

3) World Mansions – These are the super luxurious flats starting from 117 storeys. These houses are sprawled over two floors and offer 360-degree view of the city.

This is not for even rich, these are only for superrich as the apartment prices start from Rs 7.5 crore (US$1.2 million) and go all the way to Rs 50 crore (US$8.0 million).

Revit Tutorials | Revit Architecture 2014 | Tutorial For Beginners

CIVIL ENGINEERING: What is Earthquake Engineering?Earthquake constru...

CIVIL ENGINEERING: What is Earthquake Engineering?
Earthquake constru...: What is Earthquake Engineering? Earthquake construction ensures that structures resist earthquake shocks by the integration of seismic...

What is Earthquake Engineering?

Earthquake construction ensures that structures resist earthquake shocks by the integration of seismic designs throughout their expected life, in conformity with the building codes applicable in the region. Earthquakes destabilize buildings either by direct effects of the seismic waves, or indirectly through soil liquefaction and landslides. Most structures fail laterally by an earthquake, meaning the the walls may fall down, or movement of the walls may cause displacement of the roofs, and result in the collapse of the structure. Therefore, to ensure safety of human life and property, earthquake-resistant techniques should be used, including the utilization of proper design and materials.

Soil Conditions

The condition of soil at the site of construction is an important factor, since the state of soil can significantly alter the motions of an earthquake. The condition of the soil should be thoroughly evaluated. Soils that consist of loose sand and gravel possess poor earthquake-resistant characteristics, and should be reinforced. Seismic waves are amplified in soils that are saturated with water, and change the form of soil from a solid to a liquid upon the occurrence of earthquakes. Such soils acquire the characteristics of quicksand and make the ground incapable of supporting a foundation due to cracks and weakening. Deep and firm soils are good since they allow only minor vibrations to be transferred from the foundation to the construction above.

Pile Foundations

Pile foundations are a structural part used for the transfer of the structure load to the solid ground located at some depth. Piles are extended and thin elements that transmit the load to a lower soil of greater bearing capability, penetrating the shallow soil. Piles can be used in earthquake construction to minimize earthquake effects, especially with soft surface soils that may easily liquefy, by resisting vertical and lateral loads. A structure is raised on piles if the soil is unstable, weak, does not possess sufficient bearing capacity, and the likely settlement is not advisable. The design of the piles should be proper, by binding the pile caps with reinforced concrete slabs that can function in tension as well as compression, so that the foundation may perform as a unit. In addition, the piles should be designed to carry axial, shear, and bending loads that may be occur because of the horizontal movements between the layers in the soil.

• Base Isolation

  Base isolation techniques are a recent development in the structural design of buildings and bridges in highly seismic regions. They function on the principles of oscillation and damping. Rubber isolation bearings are used that minimize the earthquake damage to the buildings by decoupling the building from the horizontal component of the ground movement. This is achieved by making the bearings rigid in the vertical direction and elastic in the horizontal direction. The earthquake energy is not absorbed by the base isolation techniques but is deflected due to the system. Rubber bearings can be manufactured easily, do not have any moving parts, and are not affected by time or the environment.

Sewage Treatment Plants for Buildings Sector

Fontus Water is a leading manufacturer of Sewage Treatment Plants for the industrial and building sector. With a decade old experience, Fontus Water has successfully executed over 2000 installations in industries, buildings, hotels, hospitals and SEZ’s, becoming a preferred supplier of Sewage Treatment Plants. Offering a wide range of environment friendly technological solutions, we specialize in sewage recycling and reuse. Our strong national track record and in-depth domain expertise as a water and wastewater engineering specialist are unrivalled in the region. We have the profound ability to identify, design and implement customized solutions within a tight project footprint and time frame. We specialize in:

Technologies used Sewage treatment process:

Extended aeration Activated sludge process Submerged aerobic fixed film Fluidized media Membrane bio reactor Sequential batch reactors Tertiary treatment with stage media filtration and chlorination or ultrafiltration Sludge dewatering systems Zero Discharge

Sewage treatment plant capacities:

Capacities ranging from 10-5000KLD Packaged STP systems

Sewage treatment plant highlights:

Customized technologies to suit stringent site conditions Consistent supply of treated water Low operating & maintenance cost Minimum foot print area Low power consumption Minimum use of chemicals Focus on ease of maintenance while designing Trained team for installation & after sales service Environment friendly systems Plants with parameters meeting PCB norms Overcomes factors of space and height constraints

Fontus Water advantage for STP:

Ready to use Systems Easy to Install Delivery in 7 Days Operational Support and Commissioning

Flyash Bricks

Pulverised ash brick (PAB) technology is a process of converting industrial waste materials into quality building materials. At present, the technology is well established in converting thermal power plant waste into quality bricks. PAB technology uses dry ash (fly ash collected from ESP or silos of thermal power plants); filler materials (usually coarse sand or stone crusher dust); and additives (lime, gypsum or cement). The strength of the bricks can be engineered by varying compositions. Equipment used can be manual or mechanised. Mechanised machines deploy hydraulic compaction to produce a variety of bricks and can be operated through electric or diesel power. What is ash? Pulverised coal ash (PCA) is one of the major residues generated during the combustion of coal in thermal power plants. Though PCA is a waste product for the power sector, it's used as a raw material, primarily, in construction. PCA is generally classified into three types depending upon its particle size and zone of collection. ‘FLY ASH’ is the extremely fine ash ‘flying’ along with flue gases is trapped in electro-static precipitators (ESP) and is collected. The relatively coarser ash generated at the bottom of the boilers is mixed with water, made into slurry and pumped into fill sites called ‘ash ponds’. This ash forms the bulk of the ash generated and is termed as‘POND ASH’. Depending upon the boiler design and efficiency, the ratio of fly ash to pond ash varies between 70:30 and 80:20. In some older and relatively inefficient thermal power plants, a coarser variety of ash is generated called ‘BOTTOM ASH’. This has appreciable carbon content but cannot be collected separately. This is also mixed with pond ash and pumped to ash fill sites. Scale of problem India generated 145,000 MW of power in 2008. 63% of it was from coal-based thermal power plants. During generation of the above, approximately 150 million tonne of pulverized ash was generated in 2008 alone. In India, low-ash high-grade coal is reserved for the metallurgical industry. Thermal power plants, therefore, are compelled to use high-ash low-grade coal with ash content that is often as high as 40% or more. This is the major source of generation of vast amounts of PCA. As the power requirement goes up in coming years and more power plants are built, the amount of PCA generated will increase and create more problems for safe disposal. It is estimated that by 2012, India will generate around 175 million tonnes of PCA every year. Ministry notification The Ministry of Environment and Forests (through its notification published in the Gazette of India, Part II, Section 3, sub section (ii), vide S.O. 763(E) dated 14th September, 1999) issued directives for proper utilisation of fly ash discharged from coal or lignite-based thermal power plants. The importance for restricting the excavation of top soil for manufacture of bricks and promoting the utilisation of fly ash in the manufacture of building materials and in construction activity was recognised. It was notified that within a radius of 100 km from a coal or lignite-based thermal power plant, all brick making units must compulsorily utilise 25% of fly ash (by weight) This notification was supported by the High Court of Delhi in its order dated 25th August, 1999 in Centre for Public Interest Litigation, Delhi v/s Union of India (CWP No. 2145/99). The highlights of the notification was 1. Use of fly ash, bottom ash or pond ash in the manufacture of bricks and other construction activities. a) Within a radius of 100 km from coal or lignite based thermal power plants, no person shall manufacture clay bricks,      tiles or blocks (for use in construction activities) without mixing at least 25% of ash with soil on weight basis. b) The authority for ensuring the use of specified quantity of ash shall be the concerned Regional Officer of the State Pollution      Control Board. In case of non-compliance, the authority (in addition to cancellation of consent order issued to establish the      brick kiln) shall move the district administration for cancellation of the mining lease. To enable the authority to verify the      actual use of ash, the thermal power plant shall maintain monthly records of ash made available to each brick kiln. 2. Availability of fly ash for brick making a) Every thermal power plant shall make available ash, for at least ten years without any payment or any other consideration      for the purpose of manufacturing ash-based products. b) Central and State Government Agencies, State Electricity Boards, NTPC and the management of the thermal power plants      shall facilitate in making available land, electricity and water for manufacturing activities and also provide access to the      ash lifting area. This will promote and encourage setting up of ash-based production units proximate to the area where      ash is generated by the power plant. 3. Specifications for use of ash based products a) Every construction agency engaged in the construction of buildings within a radius of 100 km from thermal power plants      shall use fly ash bricks in construction projects. It shall be the responsibility of the construction agencies (either      undertaking the construction or approving the design or both) to ensure compliance.

Eastern Freeway

The Mumbai Eastern Freeway is a 16.8 kilometer long highway designed especially for high-speed vehicular traffic constructed between Fort in South Mumbai and Eastern Express Highway in Ghatkopar.

The Eastern Freeway is being built by the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority, funded by the Central Government.

The contract of this project has been given to Simplex infrastructure.

It will be completed in three phases: the first 12-km-stretch from Fort to Anik depot; the second 5-km-phase from Anik to Panjarpol; and Panjarpol to Mankhurd and then to Ghatkopar on the Eastern Express Highway.

Cost of the project:
This highly beneficial infrastructure project is slated to be made at a cost of around Rs. 8.88 billion.

Benefits of the project:
-Less travel time: The Eastern Freeway is designed to cut down travel time between Shivaji Chowk in Chembur and Mumbai CST by 25-30 minutes. 
The 20-km distance that takes around 45-60 minutes via Dr. Ambedkar Road will be covered in 20-30 minutes post freeway. The distance will also reduce by 5-6 kilometres.

-Relaxed traffic movement: After the construction of the Eastern Freeway, the traffic movement towards Navi Mumbai, Nashik, Pune, etc will experience easy movement as the traffic will be divided.

-Signal-Free stretch: The Eastern Freeway is a signal-free stretch of land that will hugely cut down travel time. It is specially designed for high-speed traffic and this feature aides the process by a great amount.

Features of the project:
-Equipped with seismic arresters: The elevated portion of the Eastern Freeway is equipped with seismic arresters that can tolerate an earthquake of up to 7.5 Reichter Scale.

-Allows movement of heavy vehicles: The Freeway is specially designed for multi-axle vehicles.

-Equipped with steel crash barriers: These have been installed to stop vehicles from going into the opposite lanes during the time of accidents.

-Twin tunnels: This project will consist of constructing two 500 m long tunnels at the start of the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) mountain.  
 

Santacruz - Chembur Link Road

The north-south commute in the city has been given a lot of importance, since the city of Mumbai is geographically vertical.

The Santacruz - Chembur Link Road aims at improving the east-west connectivity of the city. 
It is a 6.45 kilometre long road running from  Dr. Hans Bhugra junction in Santacruz East and running to the East skirting Vidyanagari Campus (Mumbai University at Kalina) on its south and meeting Lal Bahadur Shastri (LBS) Marg after crossing Meethi River Bridge.

It is a six-lane road and also consists of India's first double decker flyover.

The project is being implemented by the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA).

Cost of the project:
SCLR is under the World Bank-funded Mumbai Urban Transport Project (MUTP) and is being constructed at a cost of Rs. 435 crore.

Benefits of the project:
-Reduced travel time: Presently, commuters heading towards Navi Mumbai from the Western Suburbs have to take the Jogeshwari-Vikhroli Link Road, the Andheri-Kurla Road or take a detour from Sion. This traveling can take from 90 minutes up to 2 hours. After the Santacruz-Chembur Link Road is built, it will reduce the travel time to only 17 minutes.

-Better connectivity: The Eastern and Western Express Highways, which are busy routes for commercial road transport, will better connected after the construction of this link road.

Features of the project: 
-Double decker flyover: The project consist of a double decker flyover with one arm extending to Tilak Nagar Terminus for commuters travelling towards North and South, another to LBS Marg in Kurla West and another to Nehru Nagar in Kurla East.

The construction of Santacruz - Chembur Sea Link is likely to be completed by the end of 2013.

 Sahar Elevated Access Road

Sahar Elevated Access Road is an elevated road that connects the Western Express Highway to the Terminal T2 of Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport. It is under construction in Mumbai and is undertaken by the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority. 

It is a 3.3 km long access road and includes an underpass for vehicles on the Western Express Highway, a pedestrian subway, underpasses, a tunnel and ramps connecting the highway to the terminal.

The access road has has 4 entry points and 2 exit points.

Cost of the project:
The entire project will cost Rs. 570 crore and will be funded by the Central Government, the government of Maharashtra, the MMRDA and Mumbai International Airport Limited.

Benefits of the project:
-Easy commute: Travellers who have to reach the T2 terminal of the Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport face a lot of congestion as they cross the roads of Andheri. This road eases commute, leading them directly to the T2 terminal from the Western Express Highway.

Features of the project:
-Adjoining tunnel: The project includes a 98-metre-long (322 ft) tunnel which will be built at the junction of the corridor.

The work on Sahar Elevated Road has been delayed by a year is now expected to open to the public by the end of 2013.

Importance of Surveying to Civil Engineers

The planning and design of all Civil Engineering projects such as construction of highways, bridges, tunnels, dams etc are based upon surveying measurements. Moreover, during execution, project of any magnitude is constructed along the lines and points established by surveying. Thus, surveying is a basic requirement for all Civil Engineering projects. Other principal works in which surveying is primarily utilised are •  to fix the national and state boundaries; •  to chart coastlines, navigable streams and lakes; •  to establish control points; •  to execute hydrographic and oceanographic charting and mapping; and •  to prepare topographic map of land surface of the earth. Objectives of Surveying • To collect field data; • To prepare plan or map of the area surveyed; • To analyse and to calculate the field parameters for setting out operation    of  actual engineering works. • To set out field parameters at the site for further engineering works. Divisions of Surveying The approximate shape of the earth can best be defined as an oblate tri-axial ovaloid. But, most of the civil engineering works, concern only with a small portion of the earth which seems to be a plane surface. Thus, based upon the consideration of the shape of the earth, surveying is broadly divided into two types. Geodetic Surveying Plane Surveying Geodetic Surveying   In this branch of surveying, the true shape of the earth is taken into consideration. This type of surveying is being carried out for highly precise work and is adopted for surveying of large area. Plane Surveying In this method of surveying, the mean surface of the earth is considered to be a plane surface. This type of survey is applicable for small area (less than 200 square kilometer). Thus for most of the Civil Engineering projects, methods of plane surveying are valid. This course is restricted to the different aspects of plane surveying. Henceforth, in this course work, the word surveying implies plane surveying. classifications of Surveying Based on the purpose (for which surveying is being conducted), Surveying has been classified into: •  Control surveying : To establish horizontal and vertical positions of       control points.  •  Land surveying : To determine the boundaries and areas of parcels      of land, also known as property survey, boundary survey or                      cadastral survey.  •  Topographic survey : To prepare a plan/ map of a region which               includes natural as well as and man-made features including                   elevation.    •  Engineering survey : To collect requisite data for planning, design        and execution of engineering projects. Three broad steps are 1)  Reconnaissance survey : To explore site conditions and       availability of infrastructures.  2) Preliminary survey: To collect adequate data to prepare        plan / map of area to be used for planning and design. 3)  Location survey : To set out work on the ground for                actual construction / execution of the project. •  Route survey : To plan, design, and laying out of route such as highways, railways, canals, pipelines, and other linear projects.  • Construction surveys : Surveys which are required for establishment of points, lines, grades, and for staking out engineering works (after the plans have been prepared and the structural design has been done).  •  Astronomic surveys : To determine the latitude, longitude (of the observation station) and azimuth (of a line through observation station) from astronomical observation. •  Mine surveys : To carry out surveying specific for opencast and underground mining purposes. Operations in Surveying Operations in surveying consists of : Planning Field Observation Office Works Setting out Works

india’s longest flyover constructed in the shortest time

Salient Features

• Access controlled 6-lane highway in the reach 

km 86.000 to km 96.000 

• Separate 2-lane peripheral road with paved shoulder on either 

side of access controlled 6-lane highways for the local traffic.

• Three underpasses to accommodate 4-lane divided carriageway

• Construction of 2 new minor bridges at 

Ch: 91.400 and Ch: 96.000

• Widening/construction/reconstruction of culverts, 

drains, ducts for services

• Construction of toll plaza, lighting at toll plaza, street lighting, 

road furniture and markings, traffic signals at junctions

Toll Plaza

A 20-lane Toll Plaza has been  constructed at Ch: 94.775 with all 

the modern facilities imported from European countries. It has the 

provision for local vehicles to use smart cards and automatic classification of vehicles. Adequate lighting and safety systems are installed in the toll plaza with Rigid Pavement (Pavement Quality concrete) from Ch: 94.775 to Ch: 95.118.

Landscaping

Landscape treatment has been done through planting of trees at appropriate locations. Shrubs of low height are planted in the median of project section.

Traffic Management

Constructing the flyover without disturbing the traffic movement was the critical task. A survey carried outduring construction period indicated that there was an increase in the average flow of traffic when compared to the flow before commencement of the project. A large number of heterogeneous traffic ranging from bullock carts, hand pulled rickshaws to heavy industrial vehicles at all hours made it compulsory to have a well developed traffic management plan. Traffic Management system devised and implemented by L&T in this project is one of the biggest achievements. This not only ensured a safe and smooth movement of traffic, but also won the hearts of the people. General public, local administrators and the traffic police complimented all the efforts of L&T.

Project Significance

This flyover relieves the people of Panipat from the endless traffic jams, the tedium of waiting for long hours, and ushers them to an era of growth and prosperity. Strategically located, this flyover serves as a transportation link and enhances all-round development in industrial, residential and commercial zones of the City.Thanks largely to impeccable planning and advanced construction techniques, L&T has been able to complete this unique and landmark urban infrastructure  project in a record time of 28 months.

Project Highlights

 Project Name : Widening of existing 4 lane road from km 86 to km 96 passing through Panipat city on NH1 in Haryana to 6 lane 

including 3.6 km elevated structure and 2 lane peripheral roads on either side

 Employer : National Highways Authority of India

 Concessionaire : L&T Panipat Elevated Corridor Limited

 Independent Consultant : Consulting Engineering Services (India) 

 Pvt. Limited

 

 Design Consultant : L&T Ramboll

 EPC Contractor : Larsen & Toubro Limited - ECC Division

 Agreement Date : 27/07/2005

 Appointed Date : 22/01/2006 

 Completion period : 36 months from Appointed Date  Schedule Completion Date : 22/01/2009

 Concession period : 20 years from Appointed Date Total Length of Project : 10 km

 Length of Elevated portion : 3.6 km (3,048m of viaduct and 560m of ramps)

 No. of Underpasses : Three

 No. of Minor Bridges : Two

 Substructure : Bored Cast in situ Piles, Pile cap, Pier and Piercap

 Super Structure : PSC Pretension ‘I’ Girders with deck slab, Kerbs, Barriers and handrails

What is an expansion joint?

 In building construction, an expansion joint is a mid-structure separation designed to relieve stress on building materials caused by building movement induced by:

- thermal expansion and contraction caused by temperature changes,
- sway caused by wind,
- seismic events, etc.
Because the joint bisects the entire structure, it marks a gap through all building assemblies--walls, floors, roofs, decks, planters, plazas, etc.  This gap must be filled to restore the waterproofing, fire proofing, sound proofing, air barrier, roof membrane, trafficable surface and other functions of the building elements it bisects.
Expansion joint systems are used to bridge the gap and restore building assembly functions while accommodating expected movements.
The term "movement joint" has been widely adopted in preference to "expansion joint" as it more appropriately encompasses the fact that building movement results in both compression and expansion of the material installed.
For example, when a structure heats up, the building materials from which it is built expand.  This causes the "expansion joint" to close down, thereby compressing the expansion joint system installed in the gap. 
Conversely, when the temperature drops, the materials cool causing the joint gap to open.  This requires the expansion joint material to expand to follow the joint movement.

Expansion Joint and Joint Sealant Glossary Index:

- Adhesion in Tension

- Blockout
- Compression Set
- Continuity of Seal
-  Expansion Joint
- Nosing Material
- Non-Invasive Anchoring
- Split Slab
- Sound Transmission Class (STC)
- Thermal Shock

Adhesion in Tension--In principle, the weakest way to use an adhesive, yet the principle on which many expansion joint and sealant technologies rely for their performance. Adhesives are best used in shear. The more durable joint sealing technologies rely either on adhesives in shear as in "membrane/nosing" type products, or use inherent compression to diminish or eliminate adhesion in tension on the bond line as well as within the sealant or adhesive material itself.

Blockout--A blockout is a condition present at a joint gap edge to accept different types of expansion joint profiles. Also referred to by regional terminology such as knockout, cutout, and others. 

COMPRESSION SET--Compression set is the permanent loss of the ability to self-expand that results after a material is subject to normal compression cycles.  Compression set is made worse by simultaneous exposure of certain materials to heat. 
Impregnated, open-cell, foam is used as the backing for precompressed sealants because it features very low compression set.
Closed-cell foams suffer on average 25% permanent compression set under movement and temperature cycles typical in construction applications.

Continuity of Seal--The assurance of watertightness in an expansion joint throughout its length and through all changes in plane, direction, and intersection within a single joint sealing technology or between one or more technology types.

Nosing Material--
A resin material (usually polyurethane based) with aggregate additives that is mixed and poured in the field on each side of a structural expansion joint gap. The material when cured is less rigid than the adjacent concrete substrate and as a result is more forgiving of traffic impact and suddenly applied vehicle loads. A high performance nosing material should be conservatively loaded with aggregates so as to preserve flexibility and avoid brittleness.

Used as a bedding material beneath cover plate systems, a conservatively-aggregate-loaded nosing material can be used as a leveling course to take any play out of the plates while additionally serving to absorb the loud bangs typical of plates mounted directly to hard, uneven, concrete surfaces.

Non-Invasive Anchoring--Refers to the attachment of an expansion joint system to the joint faces or substrates to be sealed without the use of any fasteners that are required to be screwed into or embedded in the substrate. 
Non-invasive anchoring on EMSEAL's joint systems is eliminated in favor of the use of the mechanical backpressure of precompressed, foam combined with a pressure-sensitive adhesive impregnation and in some case a field application of a high-bond epoxy adhesive.  The result is that the substrates are not violated be they window mullions, bricks, masonry, historic materials, or even jumbotrons or other sensitive equipment.
Screws and expansion anchors are commonly used to fasten rails, plates, and other systems offered for expansion joint sealing and bridging.  By nature, screws are either self-tapping or require holes to be drilled and then the screws tapped into the holes.  On brittle substrates like concrete, masonry or brick, drilling often results in spalling of the substrates and improper grip.  Usually installed at an angle to the face of the joint substrate the act of screwing is often imprecise resulting in further substrate damage, shearing of the fasteners and loose attachment of the joint system.  At inside corner applications common in additions or building plane changes, it is impossible to position a drill or driver to install anchors in the substrate opposite the inside corner.  This often-overlooked condition results in the joint system being installed into an unreliable adhesive or not anchored at all.
In window or curtain wall mullions, screws violate the mullions and can compromise the waterproofing principles inherent in the mullion design.  In any substrate metal fasteners introduce thermal bridges and thermal breaks that lower or compromise the insulation value of the wall.  EMSEAL systems for wall expansion joints that feature non-invasive anchoring include:SEISMIC COLORSEAL, COLORSEAL, and SEISMIC COLORSEAL-DS
In horizontal plane deck applications, anchors into concrete to secure cover plates are rapidly deteriorated by impact shocks of traffic.  They are also stressed by differential vertical deflection across expansion joints as the result of transient traffic loads.  Finally, anchors into the edges of concrete decks can induce a fault-line of pressure that weakens the concrete's strength and can result in spalling of the joint edge.  EMSEAL systems for deck expansion joints that feature non-invasive anchoring include:  SJS SYSTEM, SJS-HD, DSM SYSTEM, and HORIZONTAL COLORSEAL.

Split Slab -- In contrast to a solid-slab deck that is comprised of a single concrete element performing the roles of both the structural support and traffic surface, a split-slab, sometimes called a "sandwich slab" is deck comprised of a structural supporting slab over which a topping slab or wear course is installed to handle direct traffic contact and weathering.

Separating these two components is a waterproofing membrane applied directly to the structural slab and that is therefore covered by the wearing course.  Because wearing slabs typically crack, wear, and can otherwise be compromised from the standpoint of preventing water passage, split-slab design separates the waterproofing function from the traffic-bearing function. In this way the waterproofing membrane is buried and therefore protected by the wear course. Water that passes through the wear course at cracks, cold joints, construction joints, perimeters, etc. is caught by the buried waterproofing membrane where it can be managed to drains.  Drains used in split-slab design are of the bi-level variety allowing water to enter the drain at both the wear course and buried waterproofing levels.

Expansion joints in split-slabs are in fact designed gaps in the waterproofing. To properly address the waterproofing of expansion joints in split-slab design, it is essential to use an expansion joint system that integrates with the buried waterproofing membrane in a static connection while accommodating joint movement at the surface of the sandwich assembly as a purpose-designed movement gland. Buried "band-aid" style approaches to split-slab expansion joint treatment suffer from flex-fatigue, adhesion in tension and are typically not long-term solutions.  In addition, buried systems fail to adequately reflect the structural expansion joint gap through the topping slab or wear course.  This results in the need for retaining angles or some other way to define a joint-gap at the wear course that usually results in the need to attach these joint-defining components by penetrating the waterproofing membrane with anchors or fasteners.

The up-front cost of a an integrated split-slab joint system is comparable to the perceived lower-cost multi-level approach when installed costs of two joint systems plus substrate materials are considered.  Cost of repair or replacement of buried systems significantly outweighs the up front cost of a split slab joint system.  This is because demolition of the topping, disruption to tenancy and traffic flow are considered.

Split-slab design is widely used in applications such as plaza decks (sometimes called podium decks); sports and assembly facility concourses and roadways, airport roadways, and anywhere occupied space is intended beneath the deck structure.

Sound Transmission Class (STC)--The Sound Transmission Class - STC- is a single-number rating of the airborne sound transmission loss (TL) performance of a construction measured at standard one-third octave band frequencies. 
The higher the STC rating, the more efficient the construction will be in reducing sound transmission within the frequency range of the test.

Thermal Shock--The rapid opening or closing of an expansion joint gap as the result of abrupt temperature change. The abrupt change causes the rapid shortening or lengthening of the structure on either side of the expansion joint causing a rapid cycle of compression or extension in the joint material. Thermal shock can result from the passage of a fast moving rain storm that rapidly cools a sun-baked structure on a hot summers day. Can also result from abrupt seasonal temperature changes particularly in spring and fall. Materials used in sealing structural joints subject to thermal shock must be capable of handling the resulting rapid cycling while remaining bonded to the substrates and while preserving watertightness.